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[Editor's note: Linux users are currently migrating from kernel series 2.2 to 2.4. Linux 2.4 includes vastly improved USB support. Most distributions and users have not yet made the switch, but will during the next several months. The steps below were written for kernel 2.2.8. See the links in the References section below (especially the Linux-USB Guide), for the latest information on getting USB to work with Linux.

Also, the 2.4 kernel includes PCMCIA support, so try that first. Those drivers don't work for everyone; if you're one of the unlucky few, get the pcmcia-cs package.

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Installing 2.2.18
3. Configuring Lilo to use the old and new kernels
4. Setting up USB
5. Changing the Ricochet modem from serial to USB.
6. Some problems with laptop and resources.
7. Conclusion
8. References

Introduction

The problem with my laptop was the fact it was using pcmcia devices. I found out later that I had to download pcmcia-cs and install it after I installed the new kernel 2.2.18.

Getting USB to work on my laptop meant I had to do several things,

1. Install the new kernel 2.2.18.
2. Install the pcmcia drivers.
3. Configure Lilo to use the old kernel and the new kernel.
4. Make sure the usb modules are loaded at boot time.
5. Create a node under /dev/usb for the Ricochet modem.
6. Reconfigure my ppp settings.
7. When I was confident the new kernel was working good, make it the default when the computer boots.
8. Unfortunately, because of the stupidity of the BIOS on my laptop and because of this stupid plug-and-pray garbage, I can only have my USB port working when neither of the pcmcia slots are in use. This means I can't hook up my laptop to the my local network using my pcmcia ethernet card. This isn't the Linux kernels fault, but the dumb computer.

Installing 2.2.18

1. Configure and install the new kernel with console drivers, usb support, and pcmcia. I also selected a bunch of other options.
2. Download pcmcia-cs and install using the src directory from the new kernel.

   ## change to the src directory for the linux kernel
   ## for xconfig, I selected the usb options and VESA VGA graphics console
   ## under console drivers for my laptop
make xconfig
make clean
make dep
make bzImage
make install
make modules
make modules_install

tar -zxvf pcmcia-cs-3.1.23.tar.gz
  ### Make sure you specify the root directory for the new kernel
  ### mine was /usr/src/linux-2.2.18/linux
  ### I didn't change the other default options.
make config
make all
  ### This puts the modules under /lib/modules/2.2.18
make install

Configuring lilo to use the old and new kernel.

Old configuration.

### Configuration for GNUJobs.com test laptop
vga=791 
boot=/dev/hda
map=/boot/map
install=/boot/boot.b
prompt
timeout=50
default=linux

image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.12-32
	label=linux
	initrd=/boot/initrd-2.2.12-32.img
	read-only
	append="hdc=ide-scsi"
#        ramdisk_size=40000
	root=/dev/hda5

### Configuration for GNUJobs.com test laptop 
### New kernel installed. Remember to install console drivers
### into new kernels otherwise vga=791 doesn't work.

vga=791 
#vga=ask
boot=/dev/hda
map=/boot/map
install=/boot/boot.b
prompt
timeout=50
default=linux_new

image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.18
        label=linux_new
        read-only
        append="hdc=ide-scsi"
              ### /dev/hda5 is root for GNUJobs.com laptop
        root=/dev/hda5

image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.12-32
	label=linux
	initrd=/boot/initrd-2.2.12-32.img
	read-only
	append="hdc=ide-scsi"
              ### /dev/hda5 is root for GNUJobs.com laptop
	root=/dev/hda5

Setting up USB

   ### This command mounts the filesystem for usb to /proc/bus/usb. 
mount -t usbdevfs none /proc/bus/usb
   ### Load a generic usb module -- choose one of these three depending on your
   ### motherboard or USB card.  I have been able to use
   ### uhci or usb-uhci on all my motherboards so far.  If you aren't sure 
   ### which module to use, see "Basic USB Configuration" in the Linux-USB Guide
   ### at https://www.linux-usb.org/USB-guide/c122.html#AEN124
insmod /lib/modules/2.2.18/usb/uhci.o
# insmod /lib/modules/2.2.18/usb/usb-uhci.o
# insmod /lib/modules/2.2.18/usb/usb-ohci.o
   ### Load the module for modems, like Ricochet
insmod /lib/modules/2.2.18/usb/acm.o

Changing the Ricochet modem from serial to USB

mkdir /dev/usb
mknod /dev/usb/ttyACM0 c 166 0 

Again, I changed my modem from using /dev/ttyS0 to /dev/usb/ttyACM0. Now my Ricochet modem is working, and it seems like it is going faster than the serial modem, like it should be, but it could be my imagination. Note that these two commands are permanent: you only need to run them once. Also, this is /dev/usb, not /proc/bus/usb (explained in the Linux-USB Guide). Kernel files magically appear and disappear in /proc/bus/usb as devices are plugged in and unplugged, but that's not what this file is. USB Ricochet modems require a /dev entry; some other USB devices don't. The usbdevfs manages /proc/bus/usb, not /dev/usb.

Some problems with laptop and resources

I bought another laptop for one of my employees at GNUJobs.com from Emperor Linux, and it was properly configured, and I grilled the salesperson to make sure I got everything working without any problems. I am much happier with the laptop I got from Emperor Linux.

Another goofy thing I did was I forgot to install the iso9660 format into the kernel (or as a module). Now I can't read cdroms. I will have to compile the kernel one more time and specify to include the iso9660 filesystem format as a module.

Conclusion

Overall, I am impressed with the fact that is was pretty painless to install the new kernel. Installing one kernel didn't blow away earlier kernels, which made it so I could test out the new kernel without getting rid of the old one. This is helpful if I want to revert back to the old kernel. For example, before I installed pcmcia-cs for the new kernel, my laptop's ethernet card didn't work, and hence, it was helpful that I could boot to the old kernel where the ethernet card would still work. Had this happened in a lame operating system which just forces upgrades and wouldn't let you choose how to control your system, I might have been screwed.

Even though the installation was fairly easy for me, it might be easier for other people to just use rpms and to rely on their favorite Linux distribution to help them out. This is the easiest installation of the kernel and pcmcia drivers for a laptop that I have ever experienced. It is nice to see the installation getting easier and easier. After years of having to fight with the kernel for one reason or another, it is nice to see all these technologies come together.

I don't see how the evil empire will be able to resist its downfall considering the fact that GNU/Linux (and OpenBSD and FreeBSD) are technologically superior and are providing user friendliness with GNOME and KDE. The evil empire has never cared about technology, but marketing and user-friendliness. Some of the evil commercial UNIX vendors only cared about technology and did not care about making their environment pleasant to use or user-friendly. Since GNU/Linux is merging technology with user-friendliness, which is the way people want it, we get the best of both worlds, instead of having evil empires dictate to us what they think is best (or how to control us so that they can milk us).

References

1. Taken directly from linux/Documentation/usb/usb-help.txt

   
   2000-July-12
   
   For USB help other than the readme files that are located in
   linux/Documentation/usb/*, see the following:
   
   Linux-USB project:  https://www.linux-usb.org
     mirrors at        https://www.suse.cz/development/linux-usb/
            and        https://usb.in.tum.de/linux-usb/
   
   Linux USB Guide:    https://www.linux-usb.org/USB-guide/book1.html
      READ THIS!          (or other Linux-USB mirrors)
   
   Linux-USB device overview (working devices and drivers):
                       https://www.qbik.ch/usb/devices/
       
   The Linux-USB mailing lists are:
     linux-usb-users@lists.sourceforge.net   for general user help
     linux-usb-devel@lists.sourceforge.net   for developer discussions
   
   
   

2. Linux Kernel 2.2.18
3. PCMCIA-CS source
4. Using the wireless modem Ricochet
5. Original site for this article - https://www.gnujobs.com/Articles/15/USB.html. (any updates will be here)

Copyright © 2001, Mark Nielsen.
Copying license https://www.linuxgazette.net/copying.html
Published in Issue 63 of Linux Gazette, Mid-February (EXTRA) 2001