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FNAL main building. It's 5:28pm and I'm rushing to get to Ramsey Auditorium, which is through and on the other side of the main building.

Linus at Fermi Lab

Authors note: Slashdot posted this page on their site but the article really starts at https://ssadler.phy.bnl.gov/adler/Torvalds/comdex99.html . It's an introductory page which puts my FNAL and Comdex write-up into perspective. If you are only interested in what Linus had to say at FNAL, then just read on. Editor's note: In the original article on Adler's website, many of the inline images display a larger copy of themselves when clicked on. These larger images are not included in the Linux Gazette version, to keep the total size of the Gazette small.

A clear day for flying. Long Island Islip Airport lies ahead.

April 19th, the day of Linus's talk at FNAL, dawned to be a gorgeous day on Long Island. I'm going to fly Southwest, the 1:20pm flight, through Baltimore, and transfer to the Chicago Midway flight. I'm to arrive in Chicago at 4:30pm. Linus's talk is scheduled for 5:30pm. Trying to get my reservation setup to fly out to Chicago was a mess. Originally, Linus was scheduled to talk at 7:30pm. And I planned my flight scheduled around that. (4:30pm arrival, 7:30pm talk, no problem.) But, that changed when I got a message about Linus's talk being rescheduled. By then I had no choice except brave the tight time table. So, I had a relaxing morning, enjoying some quality time with my wife. Flight time came and off to the airport I go. With such nice weather, all flights were on time. (The Free Software Gods were looking after me...)

4:25pm arrives, the plane wheels up to the midway terminal gate, and bam, I'm off running. Those 1970's or 80's commercials of OJ Simpson running through airports was the title theme of my thoughts at the time. (Where is the running lane!!!) I hit the National Car Rental booth. Two rather relaxed attendants are shooting the breeze. I quietly but firmly tell one of them that I have a rental reservation. ("Get me my car now!!!") The attendant gets a little nervous, shuts up and starts processing my car rental. The rental cars are located in an adjacent parking lot just out side the main terminal building. No need wait for a bus to take me to the car rental lot, (again, the Free Software Gods are looking over my shoulder...) Within 10 minutes after landing, I'm in my car looking for a way out of the airport. For those of you familiar with the Chicago area, I got on I-55 south (south west really...) to I-355. I-355 north to I-88 west. Turn off on 59 heading north. From there you hit Batavia rd west and bang, your at the FNAL main building. 4:45pm, on I-55. 5:00pm 355 north, 5:08 I-88 west. 5:18pm 59 north. 5:20 pm Batavia rd. 5:25pm FNAL main building. 2 minute walk to Ramsey Hall, site of Linus's talk. (Mind you I did not break any traffic laws. The Free Software Gods will attest to that. You can take the issue up with them.)

My first shot of Mad Dog. Dan Yocum is on the left and G P Yeh on the right.

Ramsey hall is an elegant auditorium. It has a red motif to it. Red carpeting and seating is the cause of that. Many a physicist have given talks in this auditorium, including Stephen Hawking. Now it's Linus's turn. The guy who organized this event is named Dan Yocum. He wrote to me in an e-mail that it was easy to get Linus to come out to FNAL. He e-mailed Mad Dog an invitation. ("It's easy, I just asked!") I later learned that Linus and Mad Dog had a rather thorough tour of the Lab. This included some accelerator facilities, one of the large collider detector facilities (CDF) and the computing center. Now it was Linus's turn to entertain some question from the audience. In some e-mail exchanges with Dan, I told him that I may not make it to Linus's talk and that his Comdex keynote address would probably be very similar. Dan replied telling me that Linus hates speeches. His plan was to make this a question and answer session. He wanted to hear from the physicists and not to hear himself talk.

Linus sitting amongst curious Ph.D. graduate students answering questions before his talk. This shot was taken seconds after I saw Linus for the first time.

You have to walk through FNAL's main building to get to Ramsey. I got there, went down to the front seats so that I could get a good position from where to take some snaps of Linus giving his talk. I put my notebook down and looked around to see if Linus was around. I was sitting on the right side of the auditorium. I looked over to the left and noticed a cluster of people. The first one who stood out was this guy with rather long beard, and frizzy white hair. It took a minute, but soon realized he was "Mad Dog". Out comes the camera and I walk (rush?) over to the left side of the auditorium, go right up to Mad Dog and take his picture. He looked at me like, who the hell are you! I waved at him or something to try and let him know that I'm a friendly guy, not this weirdo maniac running around taking pictures of strangers. I then turn to my left and sitting amongst a bunch of young guys, I see Linus. I remember the phrase going through my head, "There his is, Linus". He didn't notice me, he was too busy talking to the guys who were sitting next to him. Again, I take my camera, try and get as close as I can, zoom in and snap, I take another picture. I'm in this rather "fanatic" state right now. I'm not really thinking clearly, and all I can seem to do is take pictures of the guys who in reality are total strangers. I stand around and try and take some more pictures. I then go over to Mad Dog, introduce myself, give him my card and ask a bunch of dumb questions he really does not want to answer. Finally, my mental state settles down a bit, and I manage to get myself back over to my side of the auditorium from where I sit down, take out my note book, clear my head, and try to take some sensible notes of the talk.

With that, Dan Yocum gets up, and starts the standard Fermi Lab/Ramsey Hall tradition in introducing speakers. He introduces John Hall, and in turn John introduces Linus. (I've seen it worst at BNL where there were 4 introductory speakers ...) John gets up and starts in with this story about how he met Linus 5 years ago at a DECUS meeting in New Orleans. He gave some specifics about getting Linus's trip financed, (I thought I had it tough) and then some detail of Linus at the New Orleans convention. The one bit of John's introduction which stuck in my mind was his piano analogy. If one sits down to play a piano, the pianist can get a feeling for the quality of the piano as he plays it. A rough piano has a rough feeling, a great piano has a great feeling. It's in the touch. At the New Orleans conference, a Linux installation was underway, I believe headed by Mad Dog himself. He heard a voice over his should saying "Can I help you?". It was Linus, offering assistance in getting his Linux kernel up and running. Mad Dog tells the audience that within about 10 minutes, with Linus's help, Linux was up and running. (I can't remember if Mad Dog mentioned the hardware specs of this machine.) In any case, Mad Dog, keyboarding on this machine, was getting that first feel of Linux. 10 minutes later he made a mental note. Linux was going to be inevitable. It has that feel of a great piano. He continues on to talk a bit about his relationship with Linus which is clearly a deep one. With that, he ends and Linus comes up on stage to start his talk. Or rather his question and answer session.

Linus starts by saying he does not like podium and thus will not stand behind one for this Q&A session. He has this wireless mike which Dan has hooked him up with. I also notice that the FNAL media guys are recording this session for posterity, so if you don't like my write-up, you can contact them to get a full playback of Linus's talk. In any case, Linus starts off with a very brief history of Linux. It was 1992(?), he had a PC, but there was no Unix available for it. Since, and I quote "he was the best programmer since Jesus," he would fix that. He would write his own Unix like OS. So off he went and wrote it. The concept that need fosters development was key in getting the Linux kernel going and has been key through out all of its development. And then he did something which was, as he says, the most important decision of his life. He posted the code on the Internet, via some news group and asked for feedback. That he got. He expected people to download his code, run it and tell him whether it works or not. "Linus, this really sucks!" He got some of those responses; but more importantly, he got code back in the form of patch fixes and enhancements. And from then on it was history. With that he ends his introductory talk and starts in on the questions.

Dan Yocum starts it off by asking about the 2.3 kernel and/or plans for large files systems (i.e. file system journaling.) A good question, since in High Energy and Nuclear Physics there is a big need now for this type of file system. Petabytes of data will soon be recored and file systems which can handle this type of data load will be necessary. (Maybe not a petabyte file system, but terabyte file systems will be a must.) Linus's answer to that question was that up to this point, large files systems were not an issue. He reminded us that back in the days when he was starting the kernel, there was a 64 Meg partition limit which he had to solve. He then said something about how new users bring new problems and how this was the "development model" for the kernel.

At this point my notes get rather fuzzy so I'm just going to paraphrase from what I can decipher from them.

Someone asked about security issues with Linux. Linus said that people are keeping after the bug fixes. From my personal experience with Linux and the Red Hat distribution, this is the case.

Someone asked about addressing more than 2 Gigs on a 32 bit system. His answer was to use a 64 bit machine. Linux is fully 64 bit compliant.

There was a complicated SMP question to which the answer was that 2.0 and to some extent 2.2 are really a single spinlock SMP implementation. Linus will work on making it more fine grain.

He then talked about how one should not design for the theoretical perfect implementation since this will screw up another implementation. The kernel lives in a world of diverse needs and one needs to try and fit them all in. Therefore no one need gets all the attention but all needs are tended to some extent. This type of clear-headedness of Linus is an indication to me as to why the kernel has gotten as far as it has.

There was a question about capabilities. I believe this is like splitting up the super user function into separate users through access control lists. Theoretically it's a good idea, but in practice it's too complex. Most of the time, one sets up the system in the wrong way, making it less secure. He claimed it's a feature which needs to be added to Linux just so that one can check it off on the "Linux can do this" matrix, but then have a README on how to disable it.

Someone asked the copyright question. Linus talked about the license he released his original kernel code under. Basically, its intent was that anyone could use it, distribute it and modify it. But the modifications had to be freely distributable as well. The people were starting to sell the Linux kernel at computer shows by charging a couple of bucks for the floppies. They asked Linus if this was OK. Clearly, Linus said that it was obviously OK, since he wanted the code to be distributed and could not expect people to lose money on the distribution cost. So he modified his license. I'm not sure whether he modified his license further, but the fact is that he eventually switched over to the GPL license. He said that it was an awful piece of legalese but it fulfilled all his requirements. Also, the one bit of software which it really depended on was the GNU C compiler. That played a role in the adoption of GPL for the Linux code. Again, the main emphasis was that the source code had to be available to the "community" as well as the modifications, which were brought back into the Linux source repository.

A question on the Merced was asked. Linus said he would not sign any Non-Disclosure Agreements. The reason for this is that he does not want to be put in the situation where he cannot release his source code due to conflicts with an NDA. A very wise choice on his part. He lets others sign the agreements, which has been done by others. Notably, there are some people at CERN who are working on the Merced port. Linus defended Intel's move on asking for NDA's to be signed. It's done so that Intel can keep control over the flow of the technical information into the public domain. Once the CPU has been fully released by Intel into the "market," then they certainly want every one to know how to use it. But before that, it's clear that they need to keep their specs under wraps to keep the competition at bay. The big problem with the Merced is in the compiler technology sector. All the kernel needs is a version of gcc that will generate a Merced executable. It's up to the gcc guys to get it to generate Merced instructions. Linus is confident that once gcc is ready, which should be by the time the Merced is released, then the Linux port will follow within a couple of days or weeks.

Someone asked what is better, one really fast CPU or many not so fast CPUs. Linus's answer was that the best SMP system for the Linux kernel is a dual CPU one. If one were to build a Beowulf type cluster, one should do so using a set of dual CPU systems.

There was a question about SVGAlib -- what its viability was for the future. Linus's response to that was that 2 or 3 days after working with X11, he decided never to go back to console mode. All he needs, graphics wise, is to have 15 xterms open with the kernel compiling in one of them. He kept reminding the audience that all he really likes to do is compile the kernel. The fvwm2 window manager coupled to 15 concurrently opened xterms was all the graphics functionality he needed. This question was one directed towards games. He said that there was a good OS for running games called Windows. He claimed that MS admitted to the fact that they could not write an OS very well and basically kept out of the way of the software games developers by letting them take over the system when the game app was active.

A question was asked about how he decides whose code is to be included in the kernel. He said that drivers were no-brainers. Since the code sits outside the kernel, he tends to include them without much thought. When it comes to adding something that exists in kernel space, then his main requirement is that there be at least one person who will take charge in maintaining it. My take on this is that items like the TCP stack or the kernel version of NFS etc. are coordinated and maintained by someone besides Linus.

A question was asked about the recent benchmark comparison between NT and Linux. The benchmark was done by Mindcraft, and the results showed that Linux was 2 or 3 times slower at file and web serving than NT. There was an interesting story behind this. Linus was paneling on a session down in Atlanta. There was a Microsoft representative on the panel. Linus was presented with this benchmark report from Mindcraft, who seem to have a lot of credibility in the IT world regarding doing benchmarks. The report was presented to him just as he was sitting down at the panelist table. This left Linus in a rather awkward position of having to defend Linux against NT with this Microsoft Rep on the same panel and not having any time to digest these benchmarks. It turns out later that this company specializes in Microsoft OSes and has done a series of benchmarks comparing NT with Solaris etc. All the benchmarks come out in favor of NT and the large Unix companies (Sun etc.) have to mount a PR campaign to refute the results. Linux in this case has no corporate machine backing it up with resources to fight back. What surprised Linus was that the journalists came out defending Linux. It was the journalists who came out questioning the validity of this Mindcraft benchmark. As of this time, it seems that the benchmarks are going to be performed again, this time with an equally well-tuned Linux system.

Someone asked him if he ever has talked with Bill Gates. His reply was that, no he has not, but if he did, he would "be talking money." (His palms rubbed together as he was finishing his answer.)

More questions on benchmarks. The conclusion to his answer on benchmarks is that the best benchmark is your own application. It's not easy since this requires the vendors to give you access to their hardware and you have to do some porting. The bottom line is that your own application is truly the best benchmark.

Someone asked about frame buffers or rather how one could get a DVD app ported to Linux. Linus said that most of the work is in setting up the hardware. Once done, the hardware takes care of getting the DVD imagery onto the screen. The trick is to get this to interface to X11. He didn't seem to have any immediate plans on taking on this project. Also he mentioned that DVD encryption is a trade secret. I assumed this means that an open source application would be difficult to implement.

Someone who works at Lucent asked a question related to drivers for modems made by Lucent. The question lead to a discussion about how one can get companies to release the specs of their hardware. Linus made a point about how sometimes it's not a question about keeping the engineering design behind some gizmo a secret and thus keeping a market advantage. But rather one wants to keep secret the bad engineering that went into making the gizmo. He hypothesized an example of a gizmo that in order to get it to run, you need to write to xyz registers in some specific order, then toggle some interrupt lines, followed by holding the reset bit in the CSR high for 30 clock cycles etc. etc. This kind of kludgey design is the real reason behind not releasing specification. It's all hidden in the binary version of the driver.

Someone asked about UDI, Unified Driver Interface. Linus replied that it's in the Nice Theory stage but he is keeping an open mind about the idea.

Some question was asked which led to some interesting statements by Linus. This regards software development through Internet collaboration. Talk is very cheap, and he never takes anyone at face value. The best way to collaborate with Linus is to show him code that works. That is what he want to see. Otherwise, my guess is that unless your ideas are of obvious importance, they will go ignored.

A question came up about GUIs. He as no interest in GUI design or interfaces, and has no influence in current GUI theological discussions ongoing right now. (My guess is that this refers to GNOME vs. KDE type of theoretical friction.) He is happy using fvwm2 and his 15 xterms to apply patches to the kernel and rebuild it again and again.

I asked a question about how he maintains the Linux source repository. I wanted to know if he used CVS. His reply was that he has his own method. I should think of it as lovingly hand-crafted maintenance of the kernel source. He does not use CVS because he does not need it. He is the only one who applies patches or updates the source code, and he does not care to use the history logging mechanism CVS provides. He does use CVS at work, so he knows what it's capable of doing, but chooses not to use it.

By this time we started to run out of time, and a few more questions were asked. From these questions, the following general statements were given by Linus. MS is a good OS for running games. The bottleneck in the development cycle of the kernel was the users. A project should never grow beyond the scope of what can be kept in one person's head. My take on this is that the kernel is broken up into many "projects," each one with a leader in charge of it. And whatever that one person is in charge of, he must keep the whole concept and source code layout/structure/functionality in his head. Keeping "things" modular is the Unix way.

Developers grow linearly, while the users exponentially. The users of Linux have grown by 7 orders of magnitude, and his goal of global domination is only 2 orders of magnitude away. "What's 2 orders of magnitude after growing 7..." (Global domination is in reach.) Avoid black and white when trying to solve a problem. There is never a silver bullet which can be applied to a project or problem to "fix it".

Linus, Dan Yocum, and G P Yeh. Dan works in the FNAL IT department providing Linux support to anyone who needs it at FNAL and G P on CDF working on "event builders" for CDF. A bunch of Linux boxen tied together with an ATM switch.

The next great challenge for Linux is to conquer the desktop. When it comes to servers there is no loyalty. Servers are black boxes that sit in windowless rooms and are used to serve files and printers etc. As soon as a newer, better server comes out, the old one is replaced. No questions asked. This is one of the reasons why Linux has been able to penetrate the server market. It's the easiest one to crack. The desktop is totally different. There are very strong loyalties attached to desktops. If a new, better desktop comes out, people tend to get their shotguns out to defend their old, not-so-good technology, often resorting to falsehoods in order to defend them. Linus wants people to get used to using Linux for their desktop. Linus also wants to see the day when he can walk into CompUSA or equivalent store and find that one has a choice in the OS one wants to run on their new PC. He does not want to see one default OS, and does not want people to default to Linux either.

Linus concluded with the statement that there has always been a physical invariant regarding building his kernel. This being 12 minutes. It always took 12 minutes to compile the kernel. When he started out with his 386, it was 12 minutes, when he moved up to a 66MHz 486, the code has grown such that it still took 12 minutes. The growth of the code and the speed up of the Intel technology kept pace with each other such that the kernel compile time always took 12 minutes. This has changed recently. With his quad CPU development system, it now takes him 73 seconds to build the kernel. He admitted that the hardware development has now been recently out-paced his software (kernel) development.

With that, a physicist from FNAL named G P Yeh, who is one of FNAL's strongest Linux advocates, closed the session by thanking Linus for all his work. FNAL is now using Linux in a big way to process all the data coming out of the large collider detectors that will start taking data within a year or so. The data rate from these detectors is expected to increase 200 fold from the last time they took data. This is due to an upgrade to the Tevetron called the Main Injector. It's designed to increase the proton flux by a lot, and thus 200 times more data will flow out of the detectors. Linux will play a big part in analyzing all this data. (I can attest that Linux is playing a big role at BNL as well. It will be used on about 500 processors to analyze the data coming out of the 4 detectors being built for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The RHIC is scheduled to turn on this summer, and by this coming winter the Intel Linux farm will start its first production data processing.)

The audience crowds Linus after his talk.

With that final congratulatory announcement, the talk came to an end. People got up and scattered about. I headed over to the left side of the auditorium where Linus and Mad Dog were located. Linus was surrounded by people asking questions. I was out of earshot, so I could not listen to the back and forth between the guys and Linus. I did get a chance to get over to Mad Dog and reintroduce myself. My intent was to invite him out to BNL if and when he and/or Linus got out to NY. I'm not sure if Mad Dog is interested in seeing yet another collider facility, but he did encourage me to try and contact the Bizzar Show people and set up a talk or panel. Something with a topic along the lines of Linux in Physics. I told him I could do that, and I'll try to follow up with the organizers of the Bizzar. I then hung out with the Linus crowd for a bit, taking a couple of pictures. There was this one guy who had on a tee shirt with an Intel logo announcing the i80666 CPU. The phrase "Runs hotter than hell" was written underneath. Linus told the guy he like his tee shirt. This guy then took off his shirt so that Linus could see the back of his tee shirt. It sported a picture of Bill Gates with horns, looking like the devil. After another snap or two, I had my chance to introduce myself to Linus. I gave him my business card (not that I do any business, it's more like an identity card), and thanked him for his work on Linux because it's made our lives some much easier. He replied saying that he did not do it for me, he was just doing it for himself and the users are just a big pain. "Yeah", I replied, "Users are loosers..." I was a bit flush as I was talking to him, I really don't know what I was saying. The fact of the matter is, Linux has made my life a lot more complicated. Ever since I installed Linux on my first PC 3 years ago, (built from parts bought at a computer show), I've been so tied up in this Linux Open Source thing, and it's become such a central theme in my work, that I can hardly say it's made my life any easier. It's made it more fun, and it has save BNL and FNAL a lot of money. It has saved millions of dollars at FNAL alone. But as I said, I really wasn't thinking straight since I was talking to Linus for the first time in my life.

So I've had my chance of meeting Linus and Mad Dog. I must say that Mad Dog comes across as a very serious, level headed guy. It's hard to imagine someone with such a fantastic beard being so calm and decisive. My guess is that he has to be in his line of work at DEC (now Compaq?). I would also venture to guess that once you get to know him, and he gets to know you, if you manage to get a beer in his hand, then you're in for a ruckus of a good time. Linus impressed me as being very down to earth. He is not aloof and was willing to take time to talk to those interested in talking to him. He was very generous with his signatures at the end of his talk. He also impressed me as someone who has a practical approach to solving problems. In many of his answers, he alludes to the fact that one should follow the middle road. Don't make a project too grandiose. "A project has to sit inside one person's head", "There is no silver bullet", "Never design to the 100% theoretical limit", and on and on. I'm sure that this is one of the reasons why Linux is as successful as it has been. He also mentioned during his talk that he is willing to listen to new ideas. He said that it always starts off being a really dumb idea. But the idea is not dismissed. (Maybe there are a lot of ideas that are really dumb which he has dismissed.) But the point is that the idea would be knocked around the kernel development news group or e-mail list group and evolve into a not-so-dumb idea and finally into something important that could be included in the kernel.

I left Linus and Mad Dog behind in Ramsey. My plan was to stay at FNAL for the night and drive in early to catch the opening keynote at Comdex. Bill Gates was giving this keynote. From Linus to Bill, this was going to be a real contrast.